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One Good Regiment

by Harold (Sonny) Hand

320 pages; quality trade paperback (softcover); catalogue #00-0125; ISBN 1-55212-460-6; US$26.00, C$33.77, EUR22.00, £15.30

A historical non-fiction account of the 117th Pennsylvania volunteer regiment in the American Civil War of 1861 to 1865. This is the regimental history of the unit much better known as the 13th Pennsylvania Cavalry.

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About the book      About the author      Table of Contents and Sample Excerpt      Catalogue info

About the Book This is the first regimental history of the Thirteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, also known as the 117th Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers. This is not a tale of the romance of war and the women they left behind. It is about men who become bored with routine camp life and freezing nights in tents without heat. Men who learn first to care for the horse and then for themselves. Men who learn to be accustomed to hunger and sickness and death, long before fighting their first battle! When the first bullets fly they react as men could be expected to react. Confused and led by some men who may not have understood the new way of war, the outcome of the first encounter is predictable. Later, in one of the lesser-known battles of the Gettysburg Campaign, the regiment is ordered in front of enemy artillery during a midnight ambush and suffers casualties of almost half the regiment. But they learn, and they prevail, and when Grant turned the Union army into the Wilderness in 1864 the regiment knew what they had to do. And they did it well, serving with Gregg, Sheridan, Custer, Hancock, and others. When Grant asked for "One Good Regiment" of cavalry for an assignment, the Thirteenth was chosen. Using letters, diaries, photos, and official correspondence, some of which are published here for the first time, the author traces the lives of cavalrymen at war. With brutal honesty, humor, and humanity, the men struggle to survive sickness as well as the hail of bullets and cannonballs. They'll tell you how they felt about the life they lived, and the bond with their friends and fellow soldiers that they were dying for.

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About the Author Harold "Sonny" Hand was born in New Jersey in 1952, where he attended local schools and played in local bands until his musical inclinations delivered him to the Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachussetts. From 1970 until the present time he has played drums and percussion in every style of music imaginable, including nightclubs, casinos, percussion ensembles, jazz, rock, and country & western. He has taught drums and percussion privately and in studios since 1972, and spent seven years on the faculty of Atlantic Community College in Mays Landing, New Jersey. Leaving the family construction business in 1983 he was employed by a Fortune 500 corporation, transferring to Northern Nevada in 1991. Sonny continues teaching and performing music in Nevada, and is a percussionist in the Ruby Mountain Symphony Orchestra. Since 1990, Sonny has been a Civil War reenactor and living historian, bringing hands-on Civil War education to the general public and into elementary and high school classrooms. Reenacting battles and encampments has helped the author to understand more accurately the life of the Civil War soldier, as well as ensuring a more authentic regimental history of the 13 th Pennsylvania Cavalry. The author currently lives in Spring Creek, Nevada, with his son Jonathan, who was born in 1992.

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Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
INTRODUCTION
PREFACE
"HOIST UP THE FLAG" by B. W. Dugan, 13 th Pa. Cav., 1865
CHAPTER 1 - "The Regiment"
CHAPTER 2 - "The Shenandoah Valley"
CHAPTER 3 - "The Second Battle of Winchester"
CHAPTER 4 - "Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac"
CHAPTER 5 - "Prelude to the Fury"
CHAPTER 6 - "Into the Wilderness"
CHAPTER 7 - "The Siege of Petersburg"
CHAPTER 8 - "The Affair at Coggins Point"
CHAPTER 9 - "The Boydton Plank Road"
CHAPTER 10 - "The Battles of Hatcher's Run"
CHAPTER 11 - "Marching with Sherman"
CHAPTER 12 - "The Fighting Ends"
CHAPTER 13 - EPILOGUE - "After the War"
APPENDIX
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Sample Excerpt

"THE REGIMENT"

August 30 th , 1861, to September 21 st , 1862. By 1861 the Irish people had been protesting English dominance over Ireland for hundreds of years. After a bloody war with Ireland in 1801, England had abolished the Irish Parliament and placed Ireland under supreme rule of the United Kingdom of Britain. Into this environment Thomas Francis Meagher was born to a wealthy family in Waterford on August 8 th , 1823. Meagher became active in the fight for Irish freedom when barely out of his teens. Then, Ireland was struck with a potato famine in 1845 that caused the death of an estimated 750,000 people. Potatoes were a primary food of the poor working class, and with the population already unhappy and now very desperate for food, violence became common. Meagher was arrested in 1848 by the British government, tried and sent into exile in Tasmania, near the Australian mainland, to prevent him from causing more trouble in Ireland.5 By 1850 hundreds of thousands of the Irish people were fleeing the English domination, poverty, and sickness in their homeland in search of a better life, and many of them sailed to America.

Between 1841 and 1861 the United States population had swelled from an influx of over 4,300,000 immigrants, most of them arriving from Ireland, Germany, Great Britain, and France. In 1860 about 13 of every 100 people in the United States had recently come from another country. Government control of immigration did not begin until around 1890, and by that time many brave souls had traveled to America, and settled primarily near the large and industrious northern cities like Boston, New York, and Philadelphia.

Thomas Meagher escaped from his exile in 1852 and arrived in New York City in May of the same year. Thousands of cheering Irishmen welcomed his arrival. Meagher had been a hero in Ireland, and now he was an instant celebrity. He quickly became an American citizen and then a lawyer in 1855. Meagher was a popular speaker, and founded a newspaper in 1856 called the Irish News. Although a confirmed Democrat with sympathies for the south as the Civil War began in 1861, Meagher raised and led a company of Irish Zouaves which was attached to the 69 th New York Infantry, and he served at the First Battle of Bull Run. After the battle it seemed that the war would not be a short one, and Meagher contacted the United States Government in an attempt to obtain authority to raise a larger body of Irish troops. On August 30 th , 1861, he was notified, in part: "You are... authorized to arrange with the colonels commanding of four other regiments to be raised to form a brigade, the brigadier-general for which will be designated hereafter by the proper authority of government."6 Colonel Meagher was thus given permission to form his own "Irish Brigade" of infantry, and as was customary at the time, a battalion of dragoons (cavalry) would be attached to the brigade.

The politically perceptive Meagher could see that England was sympathetic to the southern cause, although it seemed that Queen Victoria may have harbored anti-slavery sentiments. Many of the English people felt a kinship to the American southerners who still lived life as in the old world and whose civilization was not being destroyed by the influx of so many people from all other parts of the earth. England needed cotton, and eventually sold to the south a staggering amount of war material, while allowing the Confederacy to build warships on English soil. Cotton played an important part in the trade between the south and England, and the prosperity of the American industrial north might be endangered if the south won the war. This endangerment to the industrial north seemed to threaten the only remaining refuge that the hard working Irish people could turn to.

Meagher spoke to large crowds of potential recruits in New York City and Boston, and eventually spoke in Philadelphia in late 1861. Appealing to the national pride in all Irishmen he asked them to sign on as recruits for his "Irish Brigade," which would be organizing during the coming winter.

"The Irish felt that not only was the safety of the great Republic at stake, and the home of their exiled race, but also, that the great principles of democracy were at issue with the aristocratic doctrines of monarchism. Should the latter prevail, there was no longer any hope for the struggling nationalists of the Old World. The Irish soldier did not ask whether the colored race were better off as bondsmen or freedmen; he was not going to fight for an abstract idea. He felt that the safety and welfare of his adopted country and its glorious Constitution were imperiled; he, therefore, willingly threw himself into the breach to sustain the flag that sheltered him when persecuted and exiled from his own country."

Enlistment in the army also assured American citizenship for the Irish people. Colonel Meagher*s recruiting speeches were laced with passionate pleas for his fellow Irishmen to join him in this desperate struggle, and Meagher*s own Irish Brigade became very famous during the war, fighting under their own highly ornamented green silk flag.

As Meagher recruited soldiers for his Irish brigade, Michael Dougherty traveled by rail from Bristol to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and enlisted as a private in the "Second Irish Dragoons,"9 a cavalry battalion composed almost entirely of Irishmen. The men of the first four companies of what would eventually become the 13 th Pennsylvania Cavalry were recruited in the City of Philadelphia, as well as in Allegheny, Cumberland, and Lycoming counties. As in the American Revolution, it was customary to raise a company of men from each town or county. By September of 1861 these first four companies of dragoons had been recruited and were in training at a camp near Frankford, Pennsylvania. Another company was being recruited at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Company A would soon be under the command of forty-five year old Captain James A. Galligher, of Philadelphia. Born in the United States in April 1813 to Irish born parents, Captain Galligher had recently been a cavalry instructor, and he was personally enrolled into the volunteer service by Governor Andrew Gregg Curtin, of Pennsylvania.

Irish born Michael J. Kerwin enlisted in the Irish Dragoons on September 24 th , his military records indicating that he was to be paid extra for the use of two of his own horses. Kerwin had been recruited in Wilmington, Delaware, as the 1 st Sgt. of Co. H, 24 th Pennsylvania Infantry, which was one of the early-war three-month regiments. Between May 1 st , 1861, and Mid-August of 1861 Sgt. Kerwin served in the 24 th Pennsylvania, and when he was mustered out after the expiration of his term of enlistment, Kerwin enlisted as captain of Company B of the Irish Dragoons. Michael Kerwin was eventually promoted to colonel and placed in command of the 13 th Pennsylvania Cavalry.

Most of the men of these first five companies were volunteering with an understanding that they would be fighting as a part of Meagher's brigade. Federal enlistment quotas eventually forced Governor Curtin to be reluctant to allow his own Pennsylvania men to serve with an "Irish" brigade that seemed to be primarily based in New York. Governor Curtin was also of Irish descent and although he must have held sympathies with the Irish Brigade, he was a politician, he had a state to run, and he needed Pennsylvania soldiers.

Colonel Meagher delivered a "brilliant" address on Sunday, October 6 th , to a large audience at the Academy of Music in Philadelphia. The subject of his presentation was "The Irish Soldier--His History and present Duty to the American Republic--The National Cause, Its Justice, Sanctity, and Grandeur--The Memories of the National Flag, and its promised Glory." Meagher eloquently described the many battlefields on which the Irish soldier had made his mark. Then he depicted in thrilling words the American nation and its glorious Constitution, and the duty Irishmen owed to a Government which threw open its protecting arms to receive them as exiles to its maternal bosom. This speech had a good effect and brought many recruits to the ranks of the Irish Brigade.

In December, from the Headquarters of the Pennsylvania Militia in Harrisburg, Major Charles J. Biddle 11 wrote to the mustering officer in Philadelphia, Colonel Charles F. Ruff:12 "Captain Galligher was authorized to raise a squadron of cavalry, to be attached to the regiment of Colonel B. R. [Byron Root] Pierce. He must ... be transferred to another regiment as His Excellence has no authority to raise any more cavalry. Captain to be attached to existing regiments."13 As a result of this correspondence which most likely originated on Governor Curtin's desk, James Galligher was formally mustered-in as the captain of Co. A, "Irish Dragoons" on December 28 th , 1861.

While Governor Curtin tried to comply with the presidential directives to supply men for the army as quick as possible, Secretary of War Cameron was relieved of his duties and appointed as Minister to Russia, and Edwin M. Stanton, who would serve through the war, filled his office. On January 31 st , the aide-de-camp and Military Agent for Pennsylvania, Mr. J. H. Puleston, communicated with the new Secretary of War concerning Pennsylvania soldiers currently in training. "I have the honor to report that by direction of Assistant Secretary Scott I telegraphed to Governor Curtin for details respecting the number and condition of the troops now in Pennsylvania, and received reply from the Governor this morning embracing the following particulars: One regiment at Erie, ready but unarmed; one regiment at Kittanning, ready but unarmed; three regiments at Harrisburg, ready and can be armed, but Governor would prefer the Government to arm them; one regiment in Philadelphia, ready but unarmed; two regiments in Philadelphia of seven companies each, without arms; one regiment of cavalry full but not quite armed, and no horses. The above presents an aggregate of 7,500 men. In addition [to] this force there is the following: Angeroth's heavy artillery, ready but unarmed; two batteries light artillery, ready but unarmed; eight companies cavalry in Philadelphia, unarmed, and several detached companies of infantry and parts of companies, amounting in the aggregate to about 800 men."

In mid-March the Middle Military Department was organized to consist of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, the eastern shore of Maryland and Virginia, and the Maryland counties of Cecil, Baltimore, Ann Arundel, and Hartford. Headquartered in Baltimore, the Middle Department would be assigned to the defense of Baltimore and Williamsport, Maryland; Harpers Ferry; Martinsburg, western Virginia; and Winchester, Virginia. The first military duty of the regiment would be within this department.

As Union troops in the Shenandoah Valley near Winchester and Harpers Ferry prepared to march and reinforce McClellan's army during his pending advance up the peninsula against Richmond, "Stonewall" Jackson devised a campaign to prevent the reinforcement. Jackson planned to attack and harass the Federals so extensively that they could not afford to send troops away from the valley. He also hoped that this "Valley Campaign" would actually require them to bring more troops into the area, thus further weakening McClellan's army. Although Jackson was defeated at the Battle of Kernstown, Virginia, on March 23 rd , just as he began his campaign, for the most part his plan worked. Union General McClellan was defeated on the peninsula primarily by himself.

On April 6 th , 1862, Captain Michael Kerwin reported for duty and was officially mustered-in to Co. B of the Irish Dragoons. Three weeks later, on April 28 th , Captain Galligher was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the 1 st battalion of the Irish Dragoons and officially mustered-in by Lieutenant Colonel Ruff, of the U. S. Army.

With commanding staff now in place, the 1 st Battalion of the regiment departed training camp in Frankford during late April and marched to Baltimore, Maryland. Here they were assigned to the Defenses of Baltimore, Middle Department, under the command of Major General John Adams Dix. The sixty-four year old General Dix was already quite well known for his January 29 th communication to a naval officer in New Orleans in which he had ordered: "If any one attempts to haul down the American flag, shoot him on the spot."

Many of the officers of the regiment had previous military experience before joining the regiment. It was common for an officer to transfer to another command when the opportunity for advancement arose. In a report by 1 st Lieutenant Joseph A. Moore of the 28 th Pennsylvania Infantry, concerning an action at Linden Station on the Manassas Gap Railroad on May 16 th , 1862, Lt. Moore mentions a "colored servant of Captain George F. McCabe (Charles Murphy)."16 On August 29 th , 1863, George F. McCabe mustered into the 13 th Pennsylvania Cavalry from his position in the 28 th Pennsylvania Infantry, and served with the regiment until the end of the war, at which time he was in command of the regiment.

Three weeks after the 1 st Battalion (still designated the 116 th Volunteers) arrived at Camp Fair Ground near Baltimore, Captain Nathaniel R. Harris of Co. D appeared at Colonel Galligher*s office with an ominous set of papers to be forwarded to Galligher's superior, Major General John Dix. On May 20 th , Harris wrote: "I am desirous of preferring the following charges annexed against Lieut. Colonel James A. Galligher of the 1 st Battalion 116 th Regt. Penna. Vol. and ask respectfully for a general Court Martial to try the same." The charges listed by Harris were:

1. Galligher presented false muster for the purposes of obtaining rations and clothing.

2. Galligher disposed of rations for private gain.

3. Galligher gave false accounts of expenses, to be reimbursed.

4. Galligher directed his officers to deliver part of their rations to his private residence, in Frankford, near Philadelphia.

5. Galligher allowed one of his officers to falsely certify a carriers certificate for rations, when in fact they were redirected for his own gain.

6. Galligher accepted bribes from a supplier of horses to the army.

7. Galligher received money from soldiers in the regiment for influence in their promotions.

Captain Harris also included a list of witnesses to his charges against the commanding officer of the regiment. The list included Captain Jacob H. Dewees of Co. A; Captain Thomas J. Quiggs of Co. C; Captain Michael Kerwin of Co. B; Captain Patrick Kane of Co. E; Acting Major Henry White; Lieutenant John Roche of Co. A; Lieutenant John O'Reilly of Co. A; Lieutenant John Berks of Co. C; Lieutenant Jeremiah Stokes; Lieutenant Jesse Bowers of Co. B; Lieutenant Samuel Pierson of Co. D; Quartermaster Sergeant John O'Brien of Co. A; Sergeant Henry M. Fetters of Co. E; James Roney, Number 553 Sinden Street, Philadelphia; George Adler, Philadelphia; George Speerman, 1707 Sansom Street, Philadelphia; and Philip Galligher of Philadelphia.

The list of witnesses includes many officers and private citizens who were to come forward, including the quartermaster sergeant of Co. A, James Galligher*s own brother. It would appear that there was some truth to Captain Harris' charges, but it seems doubtful that Galligher's brother Philip would testify against him, and the list of witnesses does not really clarify whom each witness was defending. According to the Articles of War as they were in 1862; "Every officer who shall knowingly make a false return to the Department of War, or to any of his superior officers, authorized to call for such returns, of the state of the regiment, troop, or company, or garrison, under his command; or of the arms, ammunition, clothing, or other stores thereunto belonging, shall, on conviction thereof before a court-martial, be cashiered."18 James Galligher may have been investigated in response to these charges, however, the author found no further mention of this matter in Galligher's records.

On June 12 th , 1862, stunned by recent Confederate victories and the apparent ability of the "Rebels" to go where they pleased, President Lincoln issued a call for 300,000 three-year volunteers and named Henry W. Halleck as General in Chief of the Union armies. It was time to get serious.

The 1 st Battalion of the dragoons was currently stationed in Baltimore, Maryland. The five-company battalion consisted of Co. A (100 men), Co. B (70 men), Co. C (35 men), Co. D (25 men), and Co. E (85 men). The 2 nd Battalion joined the 1 st Battalion in Baltimore during the months of July, August, and September. This additional five-company battalion included Co. F (105 men) from Cumberland County, Co. G (95 men) from Lycoming County, Co. H (85 men), Co. I (105 men) and Co. K (80 men). Eventually, Co. L and Co. M would join the regiment and raise it to the old army standard of twelve companies.

While officers of the regiment continued recruiting and training the men, Governor Curtin finally managed to have the regiment included in the Pennsylvania state quotas. On August 1 st the "Irish Dragoons" officially became the 117 th Pennsylvania Volunteers, also designated as the 13 th Pennsylvania Cavalry. Following the redesignation of the regiment the men were officially detached from the Irish Brigade and placed under the regimental command of Colonel James Galligher, who had been promoted to colonel in July. A new 116 th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment was created and assigned to the Irish Brigade, but credited to Pennsylvania state quotas. As it marched off to war, Meagher*s Irish Brigade included the 63 rd New York Infantry, 69 th New York Infantry, 88 th New York Infantry, and the 116 th Pennsylvania Infantry. The 28 th Massachusetts Infantry was added to the brigade at a later date.

On August 4 th , 1862, twenty-two year old Samuel Morey was enrolled in Philadelphia by Captain Timothy Byrnes,19 as a private in Co. I, 13 th Pennsylvania Cavalry. Sam signed up for three years, and was ordered to put his personal affairs in order and report for duty in ten days. Enrollment in the regiment began to swell rapidly, most likely the result of patriotic reactions to recent Confederate victories, government enlistment quotas, and monetary bounties offered by the recruiters. As the regiment grew, Pvt. John Norton of Co. A earned the distinction of being the first deserter on August 4 th , 1862. Norton had joined in February of 1862, and deserted his regiment only six months into his three-year term. Samuel Morey returned to the regiment on August 14 th and officially mustered-in to Co. I on the same day that 24 other men joined the company. More men joined Company I on August 14 th than on any other single day of the war.

On August 17 th , 1862, General John Wool ordered Major Henry A. White of the 13 th Pennsylvania Cavalry, commanding a detachment of the regiment, to: "* proceed with your command by railroad to the intersection of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the Baltimore and Frederick Turnpike, where you will be met by Captain W. T. Faithful, provost-marshal of Frederick, who will conduct you to the camp of some 200 guerrillas, reported to be about sixteen miles south of Frederick. Should you find this report to be true, you will attack them, kill as many as possible, and break up the band. Having performed which duty you will return to this city and report."20 This appears to have been the first military duty of the regiment,21 but the author has located no further evidence of this march to Frederick, Maryland.

On August 22 nd , 1861, Co. G left Jersey Shore in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, and marched eighty miles to Camp Curtin, on the northern outskirts of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The 2 nd Battalion of five companies, F, G, H, I, and K, was now assembled at this Pennsylvania training camp.

Camp Curtin had been quickly organized in early 1861 on the grounds of the Dauphin County Agricultural Society, located just north of Harrisburg. The camp was between Reel's Lane on the north, the Pennsylvania Railroad tracks on the east, Maclay Street on the south and Fifth Street on the west. The camp opened on April 18 th and during the war over 300,000 men passed through, easily making it the largest Federal training camp. Even troops from Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Wisconsin, and the Regular Army used Camp Curtin. The camp and surrounding area served as a supply depot, hospital, prisoner of war camp, and at the end of the war it was a mustering-out point for troops on their way home. Camp Curtin was officially closed on November 11 th , 1865.

With General John Pope in command after Lincoln had relieved McClellan, the Union army fought the Confederate army again near Manassas on August 29 th and 30 th , 1862. The Battle of 2 nd Bull Run was another victory for the Confederates. On September 9 th Lee turned his army northward into Maryland to retain the strategic advantage he had gained at Manassas. In Pennsylvania, panic struck and work was suspended as Lee's Confederate army marched in that direction. Ordered out to scout on the Frederick road on the 9 th , Captain Kerwin's Co. B proceeded to the town of Freedom and returned to camp on the following day after a march of twenty-six miles. After their arrival back in camp the company was detached from the regiment to act for a time as bodyguard to Major General Wool, currently stationed at the Great Western Stables, on Fremont Street in Baltimore.

As the smoke cleared from the battlefield of 2 nd Bull Run and the Confederate army marched into Pennsylvania, George R. Maguire mustered into the regiment as a 1 st Lieutenant of Co. I on August 30 th , 1862. A few days later the regiment was ordered to the front. Company G departed Camp Curtin in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on September 9 th . The following day Co. F departed Camp Curtin at 1:00 a.m. and proceeded the eighty-four miles by rail to Baltimore, Maryland, arriving at Camp Fair Ground about 7:00 a.m. By September 11 th Governor Curtin was asking for 50,000 more volunteers to repel the imminent invasion of the Confederates. As the first companies of the 13th Pennsylvania Cavalry arrived at the theater of war and battle casualties suddenly seemed like a real threat, surgeon George B. Lummis and assistant-surgeon John C. Stanton were mustered in to the regiment.

Three days after the regiment began arriving in Baltimore, General McClellan and the Army of the Potomac defeated Confederate forces at the Battle of South Mountain, in Maryland. On the 17 th , the two armies met again on the banks of Antietam creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland, for what would ultimately be one of the bloodiest battles of the entire war.

September 17 th , 1862, Sharpsburg, Maryland.

"Stonewall" Jackson had captured Harpers Ferry on the 14 th and Robert E. Lee decided to fight the Union army at Sharpsburg, Maryland. In the fields beside Antietam creek McClellan sent his men in to attack in small, uncoordinated movements and held much of his army in reserve. McClellan did not take advantage of his numerical superiority, and when Jackson's Confederate reinforcements arrived from Harpers Ferry to support Lee, McClellan felt that continuing the attack would be a mistake. Unknown to McClellan, the Confederate army had suffered very high casualties in the fighting, and Lee had already decided not to pursue what seemed like a victory. As the smoke cleared from the fields, both armies left the field. Although Antietam was perhaps the bloodiest single day of the war, it had stopped the northbound Confederates and turned them back into Virginia. Although the Confederates retreated from the field and Antietam is considered to be a Union victory, Lincoln felt that McClellan had held too much of the army in reserve, and then failed to pursue the Confederate army back into Virginia. As the Confederate army left Sharpsburg on the 18 th , Sam Morey and Co. I arrived at Camp Fair Ground, near Baltimore, Maryland, one day after leaving Camp Galligher in Philadelphia. Only fifty miles to the west, the smoke was clearing from the bloody battlefield of Antietam.

The regiment was finally going to war.

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Catalogue Information

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